Since telomeres were discovered and the mechanism behind them elucidated during the 1970s, there has now emerged the question of the relationship between telomeres and anti-aging. Before discerning the relationship between telomeres and anti-aging, let us take a look at what telomeres are.

Telomeres are repetitive DNA strands found in tail ends of chromosomes. Telomeres are the ultimate arbiters of whether a cell will continue dividing or not: as long as the telomeres of a cell are long enough, the cell can still divide, but for each division, the telomeres get shorter. The telomere will shorten to the extent that the cell cannot divide anymore, and then just dies.

Now, telomeres also serve to prevent chromosomes from fusing together, because if such happens, then the genetic material comprising the cell will become mixed up, and that can lead to cancer. Thus, the programmed death that the telomere provides when short serves as a safeguard against the development of cancer cells. Death – something which surely telomeres and anti-aging research hope to postpone or halt altogether.

From here we can deduce that telomeres determine the life span of a cell, and so, if further properties of telomeres come to light, then we can know more about the link between telomeres and anti-aging in cells, and possibly the link between telomeres and anti-aging in humans. One of the factors that telomeres and anti-aging researchers commonly look for is the enzyme telomerase, (discovered recently).

Telomerase prevents telomeres from becoming shorter by adding bases to the ends of telomeres. Ordinary body cells wear down and then die because the expression of telomerase is just feeble. It is on cancer cells where telomerase expression becomes more pronounced. Even if cancer cells have shorter telomeres than normal cells (which was verified in many types of cancers, like prostate, pancreatic, bone, lung, and bladder cancers).  By detecting telomerase expression it is possible to detect some cancers, and then pave the way for an early cure. Blocking telomerase activity is also shown in the laboratory to kill off some tumors, although there are risks like possible infertility and impaired wound healing.

Now, what about the link between telomeres and anti-aging?  Definitively, it has been established that there is a positive link between shorter telomeres and aging. But how can we use that result to further telomeres and anti-aging research? Are shorter telomeres just linked to aging, or do they activate aging? Telomerase is also something that is looked at in telomeres and anti-aging odysseys: It is shown that telomerase makes cancer cells divide continually with no restrictions, thus rendering them “immortal”, but what about in normal cells? Can telomerase halt aging in normal cells? Is it possible to prolong life by treating cells with telomerase? If so, will the cells turn cancerous because of the telomerase?

While researchers in telomeres and anti-aging haven’t come yet to a sustained answer, laboratory studies show that normal body cells treated with telomerase can divide beyond their natural limits without turning cancerous. That spells an advance for the telomeres and anti-aging camp; though telomeres by themselves do not determine length of life – as there are many other factors concerning lifespan – there is reason to be optimistic about the prospect of telomeres and anti-aging.

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Telomere research is a very integral segment of cell physiology. Telomeres are repetitive sequences of DNA found at the tip of a chromosome. In 1970, a Russian scientist Alexei Olovnikov first noticed that the tips of chromosomes do not divide at all, and so he then suggested that whenever a cell divides, some parts of that “tip” shed off, until the loss is so substantial such that the cell cannot divide any further, and so dies. A little while later, Elizabeth Blackburn, while doing postdoctoral studies at Yale, determines that these telomeres are repetitive DNA sequences at chromosome tips. The telomere does indeed shorten at each cell division, so a cell can’t divide perpetually – the length of the telomeres determine the number of divisions a cell can take.

Further telomere research has shown that telomeres are cellular-level determinants of aging, and that telomeres prevent chromosomes from rearranging or sticking to each other, for when chromosomes begin doing these cancer may result. Once cells have no telomeres left, they die. Such is the might of cancer cells – they have ways of escaping destruction even if they have no telomeres left.

One valuable branch of telomere research concerns the mechanism through which cancer cells divide. Remember that cells with shorter telomeres are nearer to death than cells with longer telomeres. However, telomere research has shown that cancer cells, while having mostly short telomeres, can still divide indiscriminately. How could that be? Telomere research has found out that there is an enzyme called telomerase, which prevents telomere shortening and can even encourage telomere elongation. Telomerase append bases to already existing telomeres.

Telomere research has verified that telomerase appears in nine-tenths of all cancer cells, in stem cells, and in germ cells, but not so much in ordinary body cells (somatic cells). What does that suggest? Any drug which inhibits telomerase function can cure cancer, because that drug will affect cancer cells only, because they are the ones in which telomerase is expressed more, and not somatic cells, which have little or no telomerase expression at all.

Now, what about in individuals with healthy bodies? Can they benefit from telomere research? Of course, they can – for telomere research covers not only defective cells, but also healthy cells in healthy persons. Telomere research has shown, for example, that maintaining a healthy lifestyle in general, consisting of proper diet, exercise, and rest, increases telomerase expression. Intake of foods containing omega-3 fatty acids and meditation was also linked with increased telomerase expression. Is that encouraging enough for us? Telomere research has not yet unlocked any definitive causative relationship with any of these variables and with telomerase expression, but is surely encouraging to hear, for this is some verification that lifestyle changes can affect cell growth at the molecular level.

Finally, telomere research touches on one infliction which, for many of us, is self-evidently inevitable: aging. Ongoing telomere research is currently investigating the role cellular aging plays in overall aging of an organism, and on whether trying to slowdown cellular aging can also slow down overall aging. Telomere research also focuses on creating technologies which will benefit us in many ways, from stopping aging to stopping cancer.

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An exciting team of Noble Prize winning scientists have made telomeres popular. They have even brought about a bit of authenticity to the link between telomeres and anti-aging. One of the ingredients discovered is called teprenone, which people are using in different anti-aging lotions and skin care products. It is also sometimes called Renovage.

So, why are telomeres important and how do they work, and what can the latest telomere products do for us? I always think it’s important to explain it in the most basic way possible. Let’s just break it down like this. Telomeres are on the end of our DNA, and when we replicate DNA, the telomere has a huge part in this. Telomeres carry the important information. Bad things happen when telomeres get short! When they get too short, they activate cell crisis and then the death of the cell all together, which results in aging! Leonard Hayflick, born in 1928, researched many things including cell biology. He made a discovery called the Hayflick Limit. This phenomenon says that a cell can only replicate for a limited number of times. He was a pioneer in anti-aging during his time.

Of course, being able to ‘cure’ aging would be a dream come true. For centuries, many have tried to find the ‘fountain of youth’. There has always been a market for anti-aging. Finally, science is making huge progress with the findings of the 2009 Nobel Prize for discovering human telomerase, and the action upon the telomeres. The discovery was bold and fantastic! If science can lengthen telomeres, science can lengthen the cell life! Now, in some schools, students can get a masters degree specifically in Anti-Aging Medicine! How cool! It was only a matter of time before science and schools caught on.

So, if you haven’t pieced it together yet, lengthening telomeres can help with anti-aging at the cellular level. By lengthening telomeres, it allows the cells to be able to increase the number of times a cell divides. So, previously, according to the Hayflick Limit, cell division was a set number, even with the best living conditions (meaning, no drinking, smoking, or bad habits).

Increasing the number of times the cell can divide, and lengthening telomeres, the side effects can be a stronger immune system, better recovery, youthful energy, and cellular repair.

So, I’m sure I don’t have to explain to you why telomere products can be important. If we can start to repair our shortened telomeres, we can increase our ability to age gracefully, and in great health. It could even reverse any of the extra aging effects, such as bad eye sight, grey hair, wrinkles, or any other number of the effects of aging.

Therefore, it is not difficult to recognize that the health and life of your DNA’s telomeres may be the variance between living a longer life or living your life to the fullest while feeling youthful, healthy and completely vibrant. Finding a telomere product that can help you with this is essential.

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When the cell replicates and divides, the sequence of nucleotides slowly gets shorter, and the telomere length declines as well. The shortening of the telomeres is believed to be the source of cellular damage, causing the cell division process to slow down as well. Slow, cellular decline leads to dysfunction which causes death. The telomerase enzyme helps to stop the loss of gene information during DNA replication.  The telomerase enzyme is at the helm for maintaining cell division behaviors.

Many different proteins and a string of RNA make up telomerase. Telomerase enzymes seem to halt the cellular cycle of aging by giving extra DNA data to the chromosomes. Telomerase enzymes allow the cells to divide, and allow for cell regeneration.   Many scientists are coming to the conclusion that it is possible to reverse aging with the telomerase enzyme in this lifetime!

Cells divide, and during this duplication process, the telomeres become shorter and shorter each time.  It is believed that this process of telomeres shortening causes damage to your cells. When telomeres shorten, the cell has the inability to duplicate itself fully and properly. This is how the aging process begins. Aging is a direct consequence of shortened telomeres.

Telomerase has the function of transferring data and information from one cell to another during the ‘copying’ process. If we lose genetic information, we lose that youthfulness. Once you completely understand the function of the telomer’s and how telomerase works, you can see the direct links to how important they can be in resolving degenerative diseases caused by aging. Imagine being able to reverse this. Scientists have discovered and are beginning to discuss how telomerase enzymes regulate genetic repair and also begin to regulate telomerase sequences. By stopping the shortening of telomeres, and plus adding in the possibility of being able to actual lengthen them, scientists are considering the possibility of actually stopping the biological clock from ticking down…and maybe even reversing it. This is exciting news! And with this news being so darn exciting, many scientists and experts are beginning to recommend some of the best telomere lengthening treatments available. It’s cutting edge, and it’s here and available right now! AWESOME!

Imagine the possibilities of extending the length of each chromosome. Ok, so this might not sound so exciting. But, let me tell you why it is. By extending chromosome length, we are actually talking telomere lengthening. That means that we are not only stopping cells from degeneration, we are talking about actual re-growth in each cell division. WOW!  This means that action needs to be taken, right now.  Lengthening telomer’s can be a bit of a slow process, so, starting immediately, you will see greater benefits!

Utilizing telomerase enzymes is one of the best anti-aging tactics that helps to enhance your own current DNA structure. What could be better?

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New research shows the role of short Telomeres in emphysema, a lung disease mostly developed in people who smoke cigarettes. This is a deadly disease for which no treatment has been found yet.

In emphysema, the alveoli, which are the small air sacs that exchange oxygen in the lungs, are lost. This means less oxygen can be inhaled and therefore less oxygen is available in the body. This is most commonly found in older people who smoke and sometimes, yet very rarely, in non-smokers.

This disease is one of the top 10 causes of death in the United States with growing numbers. Mary Armanios, MD, assistant professor of oncology at the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine said: “We found that in mice that have short telomeres, there was a significant increased risk of developing emphysema after exposure to cigarette smoke.” The study was lead by Dr Armanios and her colleagues. The mice were exposed to cigarette smoke for 6 hours a day, 5 days a week for six months.

They tested mice with short Telomeres as well as mice with long Telomeres. When analyzing the lung tissue and pulmonary function of in the mice with short Telomeres, they see a development of emphysema although they had no lung disease at baseline. The mice with long Telomeres did not develop any lung disease.

“We found that cells with damaged DNA stopped dividing, and lung cells with too much damage could no longer be repaired, thus contributing to the emphysema,” she continued. “These results are one of the clearest examples of telomere length, which is an inherited factor, interacting with an environmental insult to cause disease. In fact, our results in mice suggest that short telomeres might contribute to how cigarette smoke accelerates aging in the lung in some individuals.”

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Study of children with rare case of genetic mutation that causes drastic early aging and death is now being linked to short or missing Telomeres by top scientists.

Francis Collins, MD,PHD is the Director of national Institutes of Health is leading the research on a treatment that might offer longer lives for children with Hutchinson Gilford progeria syndrome in children which is causing premature aging.

Children born with this disease die around the age of 12 usually because of heart disease.

Collins believes that the cause of this drastic aging is the result of damaged Telomeres or even total loss of them. Telomeres protect the DNA from damage as our cells replicate. They are located on the ends of the chromosomes and also called caps or end caps.

Telomere research is showing up in all studies and publications connected to aging in the body and is becoming cutting edge science.

Collins and his team found the mutation that causes the syndrome. It is a single letter mistake in the genetic code and the mutation causes a splicing in the blueprint used to make one of the cell’s most important structural proteins. Instead it is building an abnormal protein called Progerin which messes up the cell’s orderly structure and this gets worse every time our cells divide.

TELOMERES- PROGERIN AND NORMAL AGING

In lab tests Collins has found that when the Telomeres are missing it causes that same splicing that leads to production of Progerin, the protein that is messing with the cell.

“It’s clear that Progerin turns on as a cell is approaching senescence,” Collins said.

“It’s not ubiquitous low-level expression.” In cells that are affected, he said, “The cells make almost as much as in a patient with the disease.”

“While I can’t prove it, it seems likely that Progerin itself is part of normal, programmed senescence,” Collins said. “If we understood that, maybe we would be able to come up with a strategy to deal with the process of normal aging.”

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British Doctors have developed a new test for embryos that could drastically raise the success rate for couples who have IVF treatment. They are able to check embryos created at fertility clinics for biological signs of healthy growth and abnormal chromosomes.

This will improve the success rate by being able to pick the best embryos for implanting from the regular 30% to 100%, so say the researchers at Oxford University.

The test is directed to check the mitochondria as well as the TELOMERES in the cells to make sure the genetic code inside the chromosomes is protected when The DNA is being replicated during cell division.
This test can be done on eggs as well as embryos and will cost £2,000.

The plan is to have this test available in the second half of 2012 with trials now already in process.
Embryos with shorter telomeres may be less likely to result in a successful pregnancy.

“The new test looks at additional aspects of the embryo’s biology, which may affect its ability to develop,” Wells told the Guardian. “We hope this will allow us to accurately identify the embryo with the best chance of producing a healthy child, pushing the pregnancy rate beyond 80%.”
Tony Rutherford, chair of the British Fertility Society, said the “exciting” technique took molecular screening of embryos “to a new level”.

“Selecting the right embryo for replacement in a cost-effective, reproducible manner potentially has enormous benefits for patients, clinics and the health service overall,” he said.

“Of course, as with any new technology, appropriate clinical studies are required to ensure that the benefits are realized. The difficulty we face is making sure adequate funding is made available to allow this new technique to be assessed fully before it enters clinical practice.”

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The Word Telomeres is becoming more and more famous not just in the world of science but to the public learning about them, in connection with aging or better said – anti-aging. Often misspelled as telemers or telemeres the correct spelling is Telomeres. Its name is derived from the Greek nouns telos (τέλος) “end” and merοs (μέρος, root: μερ-) “part.

In connection with Telemeres the same thing happens to the word Telomerase which often gets misspelled as telemerase.

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María Blasco, a 45-year-old molecular biologist, head of Spain’s cancer research centre and one of the world’s leading telomere researchers says that the key in this procedure is measuring the short Telomeres.

Blasco says that not only do the length of the Telomeres provide knowledge of the age of a person but they actually cause it. Often compared to the plastic caps on a shoelace, there is a critical level at which the fraying becomes irreversible and the cells die. “Short telomeres are causal of disease because when they are below a certain length they are damaging for the cells. The stem cells of our tissues do not regenerate and then we have ageing of the tissues,” she explains.

This really is the basic explanation of how we age. More and more Telomeres age and loose their function and parts of our bodies with that.The research is still in its early stage but they are finding now that stress has a major part in how fast our Telomeres shorten.

According to a New York Times interview with 2009 Nobel prize-winner Carol Greider, whom Blasco trained under says that individual telomere tests are not much use. Blasco, obviously, disagrees and continues her tests and research.

She compares the current state of telomere testing to the early days of cholesterol tests and believes it will be just as common in the near future to determine treatments.

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Premature aging can be reversed by reactivating an enzyme that protects the tips of chromosomes, as a study in mice suggests.

Mice were engineered to lack the enzyme telomerase and were shown to become prematurely decrepit. However, they bounced back to health when the enzyme was replaced. The finding, published online in “Nature”, hints that some disorders, characterized by early aging could be treated by boosting telomerase activity.

It also offers the possibility that normal human aging could be slowed by reawakening the enzyme in cells where it has stopped working, says Ronald DePinho, a cancer geneticist at the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School in Boston, Massachusetts, who led the new study. “This has implications for thinking about telomerase as a serious anti-aging intervention.

When mice are engineered to lack telomerase altogether, their telomeres progressively shorten over several generations. They age much faster than normal mice — they are barely fertile and suffer from age-related conditions such as osteoporosis, diabetes and neurodegeneration. They also die young. “If you look at all those data together, you walk away with the idea that the loss of telomerase could be a very important instigator of the agiing process,” says DePinho.

To find out if those dramatic effects are reversible, DePinho’s team engineered mice such that the inactivated telomerase could be switched back on by feeding the mice a chemical called 4-OHT. The researchers allowed the mice to grow to adulthood without the enzyme, then reactivated it for a month. They assessed the health of the mice another month later.

“What really caught us by surprise was the dramatic reversal of the effects we saw in these animals,” says DePinho. He describes the outcome as “a near ‘Ponce de Leon’ effect” — a reference to the Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de Leon, who went in search of the mythical Fountain of Youth.

Shriveled testes grew back to normal and the animals regained their fertility. Other organs, such as the spleen, liver and intestines, recuperated from their degenerated state.

Telomerase also reversed effects of aging in the brain. Mice with restored telomerase activity had larger brains than animals lacking the enzyme, and neural progenitor cells, which produce new neurons and supporting brain cells, started working again.

“It gives us a sense that there’s a point of return for age-associated disorders,” says DePinho. Drugs that ramp up telomerase activity are worth pursuing as a potential treatment for rare disorders characterized by premature aging, he says, and perhaps even for more common age-related conditions.

DePinho says he recognizes that there is more to aging than shortened telomeres, particularly late in life, but argues that telomerase therapy could one day be combined with other therapies that target the biochemical pathways of aging. “This may be one of several things you need to do in order to extend lifespan and extend healthy living,” he says.

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